• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
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    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to a mortar or concrete produced with a hydraulic binder, comprising aggregates from cinders from the bottom of urban waste incinerators and/or from slurry from wastewater purification stations, or other natural or artificial aggregates, of different particle sizes depending of the use thereof as mortar or concrete, and a binder consisting of: glass and/or other pozzolans; pure Portland clinker with gypsum or plaster of Paris, or the resulting cements following the grinding thereof; and/or optionally lime, depending on the quantity of glass and/or pozzolans; all of the materials forming the base of the binder being ground and mixed together until a conglomerate is obtained, together with the aggregates, with cementing mineral neoformations and a strong pozzolanic character.
    公开号:ES2613048A1
    申请号:ES201690047
    申请日:2014-12-30
    公开日:2017-05-22
    发明作者:Enrique Burgos Enriquez
    申请人:ENVIROCEM S L；ENVIROCEM SL；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Mortar or concrete, made with a hydraulic binder.
    Object of the invention
    The purpose of this invention is the use of household ashes from domestic and municipal solid waste incinerators, as well as ashes from the sludge of wastewater treatment plants, for recycling, with ecological technical and commercial applications. . As well as the creation of ecological hydraulic conglomerates and conglomerates with application to this objective.
    Background of the invention
    Household ashes are essentially salts and oxides of silicon, calcium, sodium, potassium, aluminum and heavy metals. They weigh between 25 and 35% of the initial garbage.
    In the world, the waste generated by people in the domestic and industrial sphere is huge. To minimize the volume generated, one of the alternatives to the reduction and transformation of this waste has been its incineration, this has been carried out through modern industrial facilities, which perform this function taking into account the containment of the contamination of these combustions controlled, and even making the conversion of this process into usable energy. But this incineration produces waste that we call household ashes or slags. These by-products of the incineration that only in Europe produce more than 500,000 MT, constitute a major environmental problem, especially in the large volume generated in what is called bottom ash, in much lower quantity are the ashes we call " flyers "as they contain very toxic and aggressive heavy metals for the environment and living things. Many of these ashes are dumped in controlled landfills, in some cases of high protection (fly ash) and in other cases and countries are used in the field of construction in a limited way and after previous treatments (bottom ash).
    Well, by means of this inventive method we try to reduce part of the problems that affect its low use, in addition to achieving a more extensive and intensive use, and contribute to its recycling and commercialization, through a simple, simple method that takes advantage of other waste materials , which also mostly go to the landfill.
    Description of the invention
    The invention pursues the formation of a very reactive hydraulic binder, based on the homogeneous mixture of glass and pockets both artificial and natural, alone or mixed with Portland cement, and optionally with a strong base, lime.
    With this hydraulic binder mixed with slag from the bottom of urban waste incinerator as an aggregate, we will create concrete and mortars suitable for many applications in the world of construction
    Through the homogeneous mixing of bottom ash from incinerators, converted into slags in the different granulometric bands to which these slags are produced after a treatment, which consists of the separation of slags and fly ash, performing adaptation techniques such as:
    Chilled in slag water immediately after leaving the incinerator
    Deferred by magnets
    Demineralizing by eddy currents
    Slag screening, with a maximum mesh pitch preset
    Eliminating the finest fractions for the suppression of a large part of the
    heavy metals
    - Storage of outdoor slags for 1 to 3 months, maintaining the
    Optimum humidity level of your Proctor.
    We will also use ashes from sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), transformed into slags.
    To these household ashes or slags are added water, according to the study of the humidity determined in said slag, and a complex of materials composed of: Waste glass, domestic or industrial, whether of a single color or mixture of different glasses in as for its additives, and / or of different colors, this glass preferably in the invention and alternatively, other artificial or natural pozzolans, the artificial by-products of industrial or agricultural processes, which have more than 70% of the sum of the main oxides of (Si02, A1203, Fe203), alone or mixed with others, including glass.
    Types of pozzolans suitable for the invention:
    Among other artificial pozzolans, we can use as an example: The bottom ashes of incineration of solid urban waste. These slags, previously treated, ground are activated as pozzolan. Fly ash: the ashes produced in the combustion of mineral coal (lignite), mainly in thermal power generation plants.
    - Clays activated or artificially calcined: for example burning residues of clay bricks and other types of clay that have been subjected to temperatures above 800 oC.
    Foundry slags: mainly from the smelting of ferrous alloysIn blast furnaces. These slags must be violently cooled toget them to acquire an amorphous structure.Agricultural waste ashes: rice husk ash, ash frombagasse and straw from sugarcane. When they are burnedconveniently, a mineral residue rich in silica and alumina is obtained,whose structure depends on the combustion temperature.Silica smoke from industrial processes (0.5 microns).
    Natural pozzolans: Natural pozzolanic materials consist mainly of eruptive rocks and in particular effusive and volcanic, and within these, intrusive, except those of an organic nature that are of sedimentary origin and formation.
    These pozzolans, among others, can be used individually, mixed together or mixed with micronized glass (which is still a very reactive pozzolan) in different proportions, in turn mixed together with pure white or gray Portland Clinker, or with a carefully calculated amount of gypsum stone (CaS04. 2H20 or cooked plaster CaS04.% H20), or the resulting cements in their different types and optionally, depending on the amount of glass and / or pozzolans, a strong base, preferably lime, which alone or together with Portland cement, quickly activates and reacts with the hydroxides present in the solution of the pozzolans releasing Silica, Sodium and Calcium, precursor of the calcium and sodium silicates that will constitute the main cementing element. All this complex of materials subjected to the joint grinding of these components, until achieving a micronized and reactive conglomerate, with a similar fineness as a whole. Either the simple homogeneous and intimate mixture of components of the complex of materials described and selected previously, these having been micrometrically milled individually and preferably to similar finenesses, in mills that of the many modalities that exist, we will not stop to classify, because what we pursue is a granulometric fineness of less than 60 microns in the 90th percentile, optimal of the order of 45 microns in the 90th percentile (Blaine test 250-300 kg / m .... 2) similar to Portland cement, although to maximize its reactivity without overheating, everything that goes below 45 microns micronizing, will produce a notable increase in the general properties sought.
    Pozzolans in general produce very beneficial effects when used with cement and even with the ashes and slags of the study interact positively. Among the advantages of the pozzolans, in combination with the cements and with the ashes or slags of incinerators and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), applied in the present invention, many of its practical and ecological applications are deduced:
    A. In mechanical strength A.1 In the long term, by prolonging the hardening period
    A.1 .1 Tensile
    A.1 .2 Compression
    A.1 .3 Better traction-compression ratio
    8. In stability
    8.1 Against expansion by free lime
    8.2 Facing sulfate expansion 8.3 Facing expansion due to the alkali-added reaction
    B.4 Faced with hydraulic drying shrinkage, due to the lower ratio a / c (water / cement)
    B.5 Against thermal shrinkage by cooling
    B.6 Facing figuration
    C. In durability
    C.1 Facing pure and acidic water attacks
    C.2 Against attacks by water and sulfated soils
    C.3 Facing seawater attacks
    C.4 Against attacks by decomposition gases and fermentation of organic materials
    C.S Facing the disintegration by the alkali-added reaction
    D. In performance and economy
    D.1 Reducing the ale relationship
    D.2 Reducing segregation
    D.3 Avoiding exudation and bleeding
    E. In thermal behavior
    E.1 By releasing less heat of hydration
    F. In the impermeability
    F.1 Reducing porosity
    F.2 Avoiding efflorescence formation
    F.3 Producing the largest amount of tabernerite
    G. In adherence
    G.1 Of the aggregate to the pasta
    G.2 From mortar to armor
    The percentage distribution by weight of the different materials that are mixed and / or milled to microns, for the formation of the hydraulic binder will depend on the specific application in which it is intended to be used, always looking for the best economic option of the materials, for their access, price and distance to the place of use.
    Urban waste incinerator slags or sewage treatment plants, or limestone or silicon aggregates, either in admixture with or without slags, are present in the total mixture in a proportion, by weight, between 5% and 80%
    The different components of the binder are present in the total mixture,
    by weight, in the following proportions: Glass and / or other pozzolans in their different varieties or the different mixtures among other pozzolans, or individually ... 5 to 80%; Clinker or Portland cement ... Or 90%; Lime in its different types ... Or at 40%.
    Aggregates from bottom ash slags from urban waste incinerators and / or sludge from sewage treatment plants are also capable of being used as pozzolans, as long as they are milled until they reach a particle size between 0.5 and 80 microns in the 90th percentile, separately or in conjunction with the remaining components that make up the binder.
    In those cases in which the binder does not include Portland cement or Portland clinker with plaster stone or cooked plaster, the ratio between lime and pozzolanas is between 80/20 to 20/80.
    The conglomerate to be added to the ashes can be composed of a large scale of percentages and components, always taking into account that the
    or the pozzolans to be used, have more than 60% of the sum of the main oxides of (Si02, AbO), Fe20), by themselves or mixed with others, including glass. As an example, we will use a mixture of:
    MICRONIZED: Micronized glass at 17 microns p.50, soda-calcium, residue
    from remnants of the glass classification of bottles of all
    colors, for recycling
    CEMENT: Portland cement type 1, specifically 52.5 N-SR5 UNE
    80303-1 f 197-1
    We have used a 20% percentage of the cement described, which has been used as a control sample. We have also used the glass described above, which has been mixed with the cement at intervals of 10 in 10, from 20%. To this mixture of cement and glass has been added to some background ashes:
    0/4 FINE, 0/4 ARENA, 0/32 BACKGROUND ASHES, all the amounts expressed above are represented in table 1, are: bottom ash, from urban solid waste incinerators or / and WWTP sludge of treatment plants, classified and previously treated to variable granulometries, which are usually being mixed with Type 1, 52.5 R, and 52.5N-SR5 cement, for the application of road sub bases in the United Kingdom with resistance at very discrete compression, (not exceeding 1.7 MP compressive strength at 90 days) in this mixture in 20% cement and 80% ash, causes problems with the gases generated from the reaction of pure aluminum contained in these ashes when not being subjected to a previous treatment. In our case we subjected these ashes to an aging process, where the Aluminum was oxidized, showing no reaction or hydrogen evolution.
    In the two samples used mixing 80% of 0-4 mm ashes and 20% Portland cement 52.5 N-SR5 (sulfide resistance), the compressive strength under UNE standards was as follows:
    1st
    Sample test fracture at 90 days Compressive strength ... 1.7
    MP
    2nd
    Sample test fracture at 90 days Compressive strength ... 1.74
    MP
    After these control samples, we have replaced 20% of 0-4mm ash with micronized glass, in the same percentage, according to the previous description, maintaining 20% of the cement of the control, this cluster has resulted in an average density of 1.49, And a humidity of the mixture of 12% with the following results:
    90 day compressive strengthSample of Test Tube 1 ... 5.6 MPSample of Probe 2 .... 5.3 MP
    5 Here it can be seen that with the substitution of 20% of the ashes with micronized glass we have more than tripled their compressive strength.
    In the following test we have replaced 30% of 0-4mm bottom ash, with micronized glass according to previous conditions, maintaining 20% of cement 10 of the control, with the following results:
    90 day compressive strengthSpecimen Sample 1 ... 8.6 MPTest Sample 2 ... 8.2 MP
    15 It can be seen here that we have more than tripled the resistance with the replacement of 30% glass with ashes.
    In the following test we have replaced 40% of ashes with micronized glass, 20 with the following results:
    90 day compressive strengthSample of Test Tube 1 10.8 MPSample of Probe 2. 10.7 MP
    25 Here again we have more than sevenfold the resistance
    TEST SUMMARY (Sample test tube 1)
    Kind of Proportion of components (% dry weight)Moisture of the mixture (%)Density (g / cm3)Compressive strength (Mpa)
    arid Aridol SlagsMicronized GlassCement
    80 OR1.431.7
    0/4 60twentytwenty121.475.6
    Sand fifty301.498.6
    4040 1.4710.8
    Table 1
    As an example, we have made a mortar in the laboratory, choosing a pozzolan, in this case glass, which meets the condition by itself of having more than 70% of the main oxides (Si02, A1203, Fe203)
    and using the following components:
    Aggregate type Proportion of components (% dry weight)Moisture of the mixture (%)
    Arid / Slags Micronized GlassCement
    0/4 Arena 4040twenty12
    Table 2
    The specimen has been manufactured in a CBR mold without spacer, and has been
    compacted with the compact Proctor.Cinder scum 0/4 mmMicronized Glass
    15 Portland Cement Probeta (40% slags 0/4, 40% Micronized glass, 20% cement, kneaded with a humidity of 12%).
    We have performed the following tests on this manufactured mortar:
    20 X-ray fluorescence, Electronic spectroscopy, RX diffraction;
    Results obtained on X-ray Fluorescence: The following table shows the composition of the component materials, of the specimen and the theoretical of the specimen obtained by calculation from its composition
    Elements Micronized GlassCementSandMortar40% micronized calculation
    40% sand 20% cement
    H 0.088410.31891,3851,2340.653
    OR 46.4336.7745.3847.1944,078
    Na 9,5380,11112.14,7374,677
    Mg 0.6490.4331,2310.7440.839
    To the 1.062,7218,0613,1634,193
    Yes 32.797,96811, 120.0319,150
    P 0.00840.0211.120.3450.456
    S 0.04191,7291.310.6750.887
    CI 0.020.0172,3220.6270.940
    K 0.6350.9411.310.8440.966
    AC 8,26946.7419.317.9820,376
    You 0.04010.1370.7150.2440,329
    Cr 0.05780.00860.0570.04590.048
    Mn 0.01850.03060.2680.1890.121
    Faith 0.2431,9192,9951,4081,679
    EC 0.000120.00480.002
    Neither 0.00190.00520.01620.00590.008
    Cu 0.005610.01050.25680.1020.107
    Zn 0.009560.02360.77850.24050.320
    Rb 0.00480.001
    Br 0.01160.00330.005
    Mr 0.0180.05370.04540.03240.036
    Zr 0.01310.008280.01710.01460.014
    Sn 0.03150.02280.013
    Ba 0.0520.0320.1190.06860.075
    You 0.003810.002030.002
    Pb 0.02030.08480.05260.042 Table 3
    Analysis of the results: The major elements that define each element are: 5-Micronized glass is defined by sodium and silica, which also explains the quartz peaks in the X-ray diffraction of this product. -Cement is the main component that provides calcium.
    and finally the sand (slag from bottom ash from the MSW incinerator) provides mostly aluminum and phosphorus
    The calculated composition is very similar to the theoretical one.
    We have also subjected it to an RX Diffraction, which determines its structure and basic composition, trying to analyze the treated bottom ashes and already in the form of slags 0-4 mm, we have subjected them to an X-ray diffraction, the results appear reflected in Figure 1 that on a sample of 0-4 MM bottom ashes, which mainly contains silicates and aluminates of Ca, epistilbite, also called orizite (hydrated silicate of Al and Ca), quartz and plaster.
    Figure 2 shows an RX diffraction of a mostly amorphous sample of micronized glass, in which only the quartz peaks are recognized.
    We have also subjected the components of the hydraulic mortar, tested to an electron microscopy, starting from the components of the elements that constitute it, analyzing the final composition of the mortar tested. For what we have done the microscopy in the micronized glass of the previous test, the 0-4mm bottom ash slags, and the cement used, as well as the spectra of each component and the final mixture.
    Figure 3 shows an overview of the appearance of a micronized sample of a glass of amorphous characteristics with a constant chemical composition from the results obtained by EDX, in which metal oxides of Fe, Pb, Zn (grains with lighter shades).
    In figure 4 is a diagram of an EDX analysis of the glass used; while Figure 5 is a diagram of an EDX analysis of metal oxides.
    Figure 6 shows an overview of the result of an analysis by scanning electron microscopy of the sample of a mortar, sand and cement micronized.
    Figure 7 is a diagram of the EDX spectrum showing the chemical composition of the silicate of Ca and Na that act as cement in the mortar.
    Figure 8 is an image of mortar containing micronized residues that have not reacted together with spheres from ash, organic material and oxides of Pb, Zn or Fe.
    Figure 9 is an image of backscattered electrons from the mortar sample, in which small neoformed minerals having a strong cementing character can be seen.
    The chemical composition inferred from the EDX spectrum, of this Ca and Na silicate, is relatively constant and can be seen in Figure 7. Also in Figure 9 the AOX spectrum can be observed, in whose composition the cemented phosphate spheres appear complex, also neo-formed in the mortar, probably due to the action of the binder towards the components of the ashes.
    Conclusions: X-ray fluorescence is a valid method to determine the proportions of a mixture, known components, or at least know the proportion of micronized a mixture if the other components do not contain high sodium content.
    Electron microscopy has revealed the pozzolanic reaction between the micronized and the portlandite released in cement hydration. This pozzolanic reaction has occurred in great intensity, since the neoformed mineral, sodium silicate and calcium (with a higher proportion of calcium than in the micronized) is the main cementing element, in addition to the phosphorus-based cementing neoformations.
    Analysis of the results: Electron microscopy of the tested mixture detects as a neoformed mineral and that it is also a cementitious material to a silicate rich in sodium. Silicates produced by cement hydration do not contain sodium. As indicated, the calcium and sodium silicate in the test tube has a higher proportion of calcium than the micronized silicate. Therefore, the sodium and calcium silicate in the specimen has had to be formed from the sodium and calcium silicate of the micronized glass and an extra calcium intake, which is the demonstration of the pozzolanic reaction, which consists of the reaction between the micronized silicates and the portlandite calcium released in cement hydration.
    As already indicated above, the types of pozzolans suitable for the invention are grouped into: artificial and natural. Among the first we highlight: The ashes of the incineration of solid urban waste previously treated, these ground slags are activated as pozzolana; fly ash: the ashes produced in the combustion of mineral coal (lignite), mainly in thermal power generation plants; artificially activated or calcined clays: for example burning residues of clay bricks and other types of clay that have been subjected to temperatures above 800 oC; smelting slags: mainly from the smelting of ferrous alloys in blast furnaces; these slags must be violently cooled to get them to acquire an amorphous structure; agricultural waste ashes: rice husk ash, bagasse ash and sugarcane straw. When they are burned conveniently, a mineral residue rich in silica and alumina is obtained, whose structure depends on the combustion temperature; and / or silica smoke from industrial processes. The natural pozzolans, constituted mainly by eruptive rocks and in particular effusive and volcanic, and within these, by extrusive, except those of an organic nature that are of sedimentary origin and formation
    These pozzolans, among others, can be used individually, mixed together or mixed with micronized glass (which is still a very reactive pozzolan) in different proportions, in turn mixed together with pure white or gray Portland Clinker.
    The percentage distribution by weight of the different materials that are mixed and / or milled to microns, for the formation of the hydraulic binder will depend on the specific application to which it is intended to apply, always looking for the best economic option of the materials, for their access price and distance to the place of use
    The conglomerate to be added to the ashes can be composed of a large band of percentages and components, always taking into account that the pozolanas or to be used, have more than 60% of the sum of the main oxides of (Si02 , A120 3, Fe20 J), by themselves or mixed with others, including glass.
    Among others, slag from bottom ashes conglomerated with micronized glass water, and Portland cement, or lime, either with the pozzolan (s) selected according to the criteria of the present invention, offer substantial advantages in many applications, among others:
    Artificial reefs. The possibility of building reefs with blocks made of an agglomerate of ashes, micronized glass and Portland cement has been studied. These studies have obtained that the resistance of the blocks does not decrease after one year of exposure and instead the resistance of the Portland cement blocks, yes. It has also been proven that there is no release of metals, since these are confined in the cement matrix due to the compactness of the cement, the pozzolan and the high alkalinity of the ash after contact with the cement and the alkalinity of the water sea. Fillers or fillers. Use of household ashes in the manufacture of bricks. For the manufacture of tiles, tiles, acoustic panels, and anti thermal. They can be used on roads, embankments or precast concrete blocks. In the construction of road signs and esplanations. In lightened concrete or mortar. For the manufacture of soils, on surfaces that due to their industrial activity are subject to the action of acids (meat industries, canned vegetables and others).
    权利要求:
    Claims (11)
    [1]
    1.-Mortar or concrete, made with a hydraulic binder, which
    includes: aggregates from bottom ash slags from urban waste incinerators and / or sludge from sewage treatment plants, or other natural or artificial aggregates, eligible in different grain sizes depending on their use as mortar or concrete; a binder composed of:
    • glass and / or other pozzolans, used individually, mixed together, or mixed with glass in different proportions;
    • Pure Portland clinker, white or gray, with gypsum stone (CaSO.2H, O) or cooked plaster (CaSO, .Y, H, O), or the resulting cements after grinding, in their different types; and / or
    • optionally, depending on the amount of glass and / or pozzolans, a strong base, preferably lime, which replaces or complements the Portland Clinker and its derived cements;
    All the materials that constitute the base of the conglomerate are subjected to grinding, jointly or individually to similar granulometries, and intimately mixed until obtaining together with the aggregates a conglomerate with cementing mineral neoformations and with a strong pozzolanic character.
    [2]
    2. Mortar or concrete, according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the urban waste incinerator slags or sewage treatment plants, or limestone or silicon aggregates, either in admixture with the slags
    or without it, they are present in the total mixture in a proportion, by weight, between 5% and 80%.
    [3]
    3. Mortar or concrete, according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the different components of the binder are present in the total mixture, by weight, in the following proportions:
    Glass and / or other pozzolans in their different varieties or differentmixtures among other pozzolans, or individually ... 5 to 80%;Clinker or Portland cement ... Or 90%;Lime in its different types ... Or at 40%.
    [4]
    4. Mortar or concrete, according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the pozzolans used, by themselves or mixed with others, even with glass, together have more than 60% of the sum of the main oxides (of Si02 , A1203, Fe203), preferably more than 70%.
    [5]
    5. Mortar or concrete, according to the preceding claims, characterized in that both the mixture of components of the hydraulic binder ground together, or independently, have a particle size between 0.5 and 80 microns in the 90th percentile, optimal of the order of 45 microns in the 90th percentile.
    [6]
    6. Mortar or concrete, according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the pozzolans used are of artificial origin, by-products of human, or natural activities, including glass, mixed together or used individually in the mixture.
    [7]
    7. Mortar or concrete, according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the aggregates from bottom ash slags from urban waste incinerators and / or sludge from sewage treatment plants, are used as pockets by grinding them until reaching a granulometry between 0.5 and 80 microns in the 90th percentile, separately or in conjunction with the remaining components that make up the binder.
    [8]
    8. Mortar or concrete, according to the preceding claims, characterized in that in the cases in which the binder does not include Portland cement or Portland clinker, the ratio between lime and pozzolans is between 80/20 to 20/80.
    [9]
    9. Mortar or concrete, according to the preceding claims, characterized in that in the reaction produced neoformed minerals are formed, in particular: portlandite, calcium carbonate, complex cementitious neoformations based on phosphates and calcium and sodium silicate constituting the element main cementing
    [10]
    10. Mortar or concrete, according to the preceding claims, characterized in that in the reaction produced a cementing neoformation is formed with a sodium rich silicate, which is not present in the reactions of Portland cement.
    [11]
    11. Mortar or concrete, according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the phosphorus mainly present in the ashes of the bottom ashes in the reaction produced by the puzonlanas is immobilized as a neoformed mineral.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    EP3241812A1|2017-11-08|
    US20180002229A1|2018-01-04|
    ES2613048B1|2018-02-28|
    EP3241812A4|2018-07-25|
    WO2016107936A1|2016-07-07|
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